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April 19, 2006
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Chapter 10: Cellular Mechanisms of Memory
Simple Learning & Neural Changes
Brain Systems
1. Types of Simple Learning:Non-associative
a. Habituation ̵ occurs when a stimulus is presented repeatedly, serially, without change
b. Sensitization ̵ reversal of the habituated response (change in intensity, modality)
c. Both types involve exposure to single, repeating, inconsequential stimulus
2. Types of Learning:Associative
a. Classical conditioning ̵ occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with a non-neutral stimulus, and after repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus elicits the same or similar response as the non-neutral stimulus
b. Operant conditioning ̵ occurs when a behavior is followed by a response that either increases or decreases the likelihood of that response occurring in the future
3. Sea Snail Aplysia California
a. If siphon of Aplysia is stimulated, results in reflexive response of gill withdrawal
b. Repeated stimulations result in habituation, decrease in amount of neurotransmitter released by sensory neuron, and decrease in firing of motor cell
4. Sea snail…..
a. Habituation results when synaptic excitation decreases at the synapse of an already existing neural pathway
b. State of habituation is temporary in the snail
c. Allow the snail to rest, then repeat the stimulation>>>>>sensitization (withdrawal of gill resumes)
5. Sensitization in the snail involves:
a. Release of serotonin by an interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron, which stimulates>>>>>>
b. increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the sensory neuron>>>>>>
c. resulting in increased levels of cAMP released by the sensory neuron
6. Conclusions to be drawn from the Sea Snail?
a. Simple learning (non-associative)
b. may be due to chemicals released at the
c. synapse.
d. Without release of certain chemicals, organisms cannot habituate or learn to adapt to stimuli.
7. Classical Conditioning (type of associative learning)
a. Fruit Fly research by Seymour Benzer
b. Flies that could not be classically conditioned to respond to odors paired with electric shock were found deficient in:
c. calcium
d. cAMP
8. Relevance to Human Learning?
a. Importance of calcium
b. Importance of cAMP
c. Evolutionary influence
9. Rabbit Research (John Harvey and Richard Thomas)
a. Nictitating-Membrane Reflex and Conditioning
b. Condition rabbits to blink to a puff of air
c. Important brain sites:
d. interpositus nucleus (within cerebellum)
e. inferior olivary nucleus (within medulla, connects to cerebellum)
10. Interference with Nictitating-Membrane Conditioned Reflex
a. Injection of GABA antagonist
b. Lesions of the interpositus nucleus
c. Chemical lesions to inferior olivary nucleus
11. Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
a. Long lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission
b. Initiated by glutamate acting at the NMDA receptor site
12. Long Term Depression (LTD)
a. Cellular and molecular model for forgetting
Posted by Whoist at April 19, 2006 09:37 PM [Contact: mariecarnes@gmail.com]